摘要

自1992年12月世界遗产委员会将“文化景观”这一特殊类型的遗产纳入世界遗产名录中，它的独特价值已经引起了广泛的关注，国内外逐渐重视“文化景观”的发掘与保存。海南儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观是人们高度契合当地自然环境进行生产生活形成的和谐统一的整体，传统的制盐工艺沿袭至今，是一种“活”的文化景观遗产。本研究将由理解联合国教科文组织所推动的“文化景观”原真完整性保护理念，对儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观的组成要素进行解析，从古盐田和盐田周边的村落、自然环境以及非物质文化要素等方面对这一特殊的文化景观进行调查，通过对比研究，探讨古盐田文化景观的独特性和所蕴藏的历史、艺术、科学和经济价值以及“突出普遍价值”，具有申请成为世界遗产的潜质。

古盐田作为当地居民重要的经济来源，在自然与社会环境的不断调整中逐渐发展起来，并长期对维持盐民生计，维系古盐田村落发展起着积极的作用，属于典型的文化景观类别中的“有机进化之持续性景观”。随着社会经济的快速发展和现代化进程，传统制盐业开始衰落，遗产本体正面临着巨大的威胁与挑战。周边城市工业化的发展以及对古盐田粗放的旅游开发，加剧了古盐田文化景观的破坏，亟需探求切实有效的方式对这一珍贵的遗产进行保护。

本文以多次田野调查为基础，结合文献调查，解读儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观的构成要素，探讨古盐田文化景观的独特性和具有的重要价值，分析传统制盐产业的衰落和保护中存在的诸多问题对古盐田文化景观造成的影响，最后根据世界遗产原真完整性原则提出对儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观遗产的保护探索：以恢复制盐生产作为盐民的有效生计手段为主要目标，通过海盐价值的提升、以“盐”为主题的旅游业和其他产业的带动，发展经济，只有让盐民继续从制盐生产中获得经济利益，盐民才有动力保护古盐田文化景观遗产，自发的维持古盐田文化景观的原真性，借鉴生态博物馆的保护模式，整体性的保护古盐田文化景观遗产。同时，建立健全的古盐田文化景观保护体系，传承非物质文化遗产，然后再配合物质空间的保护、修复、更新工作，一种与传统物质层面的静态保存相结合的动态发展的保护模式，以实现儋州古盐田文化景观的有效保护和可持续发展。

关键词：文化景观，砚式，盐田，保护研究，海南

The Study of Protection on Basalt Inkstone Type Ancient Saltern Cultural Landscape in Danzhou Hainan Island

ABSTRACT

Cultural Landscape’s unique value has aroused extensive attention since the special type of heritage was included in the world heritage list in December 1992, its excavation and preservation have been attached importance to gradually both at home and abroad. Hainan Danzhou basalt inkstone type ancient saltern cultural landscape is a harmony integrity highly fit the local natural environment for production and life form, traditional salt making process followed so far, is a "living" cultural landscape heritage. This study, on the basis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) driven by the "cultural landscape" of the original complete protection concept, the elements of ancient saltern cultural landscape Danzhou basalt inkstone type analysis, the ancient saltern and surrounding villages, natural environment and non-material culture to aspects of this special cultural landscape investigation, through the comparative study, to explore the unique cultural landscape of ancient saltern and contains the history, art, science and economic value and "outstanding universal value, has applied to become a potential world heritage.

As an important source of income,ancient saltern are gradually developed in the continuous adjustment between the natural and social environment and have played an positive role in making a living for salt producers and in the development of saltern which belong to the sustainable landscape of organic evolution in the typical cultural landscape category. With the rapid development of social economy and the process of modernization, the traditional salt industry began to decline, and the heritage is facing a huge threat and challenge. The urbanization and industrialization around the saltern and the rough tourism development on the ancient saltern aggravate the damage to the cultural landscape of the saltern. Effective methods are urgently needed to protect the valuable heritage.

This paper,focusing on a series of field research and archives review, interpreting of Danzhou basalt inkstone type ancient saltern cultural landscape elements, exploring ancient Yantian cultural landscape’s unique and the important value,and analysing the decline of traditional salt industry and influences caused by problems in the protection of the ancient saltern cultural landscape propose to explore the protection ways on Danzhout cultural landscape according to the world heritage’s original and integrity principles: to develop local economy to enhance the value of salt and develop tourism and related industries .With salt as the theme, only let salt producers gain economic benefits from making salt can they have the motivation to preserve the saltern cultural landscape inheritege and maintain the authenticity of ancient saltern;to take eco-museums’s management as the protection model, so as to sustain the landscape’s integrity. Meanwhile, a horistic protection system for the ancient saltern landscape should be established to inherit the intangible cultural heritage and the protection, restoration and renovation of physical space should also be carried out. The new conservation mode which is a combination of traditional to static preservation and dynamic development can be applied. Danzhout Ancient Saltern cultural landscape to realize effective protection and the sustainable development.

Key words:  cultural landscape; saltern; protection; Hainan

摘要

自1992年12月世界遗产委员会将“文化景观”这一特殊类型的遗产纳入世界遗产名录中，它的独特价值已经引起了广泛的关注，国内外逐渐重视“文化景观”的发掘与保存。海南儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观是人们高度契合当地自然环境进行生产生活形成的和谐统一的整体，传统的制盐工艺沿袭至今，是一种“活”的文化景观遗产。本研究将由理解联合国教科文组织所推动的“文化景观”原真完整性保护理念，对儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观的组成要素进行解析，从古盐田和盐田周边的村落、自然环境以及非物质文化要素等方面对这一特殊的文化景观进行调查，通过对比研究，探讨古盐田文化景观的独特性和所蕴藏的历史、艺术、科学和经济价值以及“突出普遍价值”，具有申请成为世界遗产的潜质。

古盐田作为当地居民重要的经济来源，在自然与社会环境的不断调整中逐渐发展起来，并长期对维持盐民生计，维系古盐田村落发展起着积极的作用，属于典型的文化景观类别中的“有机进化之持续性景观”。随着社会经济的快速发展和现代化进程，传统制盐业开始衰落，遗产本体正面临着巨大的威胁与挑战。周边城市工业化的发展以及对古盐田粗放的旅游开发，加剧了古盐田文化景观的破坏，亟需探求切实有效的方式对这一珍贵的遗产进行保护。

本文以多次田野调查为基础，结合文献调查，解读儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观的构成要素，探讨古盐田文化景观的独特性和具有的重要价值，分析传统制盐产业的衰落和保护中存在的诸多问题对古盐田文化景观造成的影响，最后根据世界遗产原真完整性原则提出对儋州玄武岩砚式古盐田文化景观遗产的保护探索：以恢复制盐生产作为盐民的有效生计手段为主要目标，通过海盐价值的提升、以“盐”为主题的旅游业和其他产业的带动，发展经济，只有让盐民继续从制盐生产中获得经济利益，盐民才有动力保护古盐田文化景观遗产，自发的维持古盐田文化景观的原真性，借鉴生态博物馆的保护模式，整体性的保护古盐田文化景观遗产。同时，建立健全的古盐田文化景观保护体系，传承非物质文化遗产，然后再配合物质空间的保护、修复、更新工作，一种与传统物质层面的静态保存相结合的动态发展的保护模式，以实现儋州古盐田文化景观的有效保护和可持续发展。

关键词：文化景观，砚式，盐田，保护研究，海南

The Study of Protection on Basalt Inkstone Type Ancient Saltern Cultural Landscape in Danzhou Hainan Island

ABSTRACT

Cultural Landscape’s unique value has aroused extensive attention since the special type of heritage was included in the world heritage list in December 1992, its excavation and preservation have been attached importance to gradually both at home and abroad. Hainan Danzhou basalt inkstone type ancient saltern cultural landscape is a harmony integrity highly fit the local natural environment for production and life form, traditional salt making process followed so far, is a "living" cultural landscape heritage. This study, on the basis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) driven by the "cultural landscape" of the original complete protection concept, the elements of ancient saltern cultural landscape Danzhou basalt inkstone type analysis, the ancient saltern and surrounding villages, natural environment and non-material culture to aspects of this special cultural landscape investigation, through the comparative study, to explore the unique cultural landscape of ancient saltern and contains the history, art, science and economic value and "outstanding universal value, has applied to become a potential world heritage.

As an important source of income,ancient saltern are gradually developed in the continuous adjustment between the natural and social environment and have played an positive role in making a living for salt producers and in the development of saltern which belong to the sustainable landscape of organic evolution in the typical cultural landscape category. With the rapid development of social economy and the process of modernization, the traditional salt industry began to decline, and the heritage is facing a huge threat and challenge. The urbanization and industrialization around the saltern and the rough tourism development on the ancient saltern aggravate the damage to the cultural landscape of the saltern. Effective methods are urgently needed to protect the valuable heritage.

This paper,focusing on a series of field research and archives review, interpreting of Danzhou basalt inkstone type ancient saltern cultural landscape elements, exploring ancient Yantian cultural landscape’s unique and the important value,and analysing the decline of traditional salt industry and influences caused by problems in the protection of the ancient saltern cultural landscape propose to explore the protection ways on Danzhout cultural landscape according to the world heritage’s original and integrity principles: to develop local economy to enhance the value of salt and develop tourism and related industries .With salt as the theme, only let salt producers gain economic benefits from making salt can they have the motivation to preserve the saltern cultural landscape inheritege and maintain the authenticity of ancient saltern;to take eco-museums’s management as the protection model, so as to sustain the landscape’s integrity. Meanwhile, a horistic protection system for the ancient saltern landscape should be established to inherit the intangible cultural heritage and the protection, restoration and renovation of physical space should also be carried out. The new conservation mode which is a combination of traditional to static preservation and dynamic development can be applied. Danzhout Ancient Saltern cultural landscape to realize effective protection and the sustainable development.

Key words:  cultural landscape; saltern; protection; Hainan